English learners often master tenses and still sound rude, because politeness in English is carried less by vocabulary than by grammar and distance.
The central device is indirectness. "Open the window" is a command; "Could you open the window?" is formally a question about ability, which nobody answers literally. The question creates a space in which refusal is possible, and offering that space is what politeness means in English. Longer forms are generally more polite for the same reason: "I was wondering whether you might be able to…" offers more room than "Can you…", at the cost of sounding formal if the task is trivial.
Second comes hedging. Academic and professional English is full of words that reduce the strength of a claim: seems, suggests, tends to, in most cases, broadly. To a learner these can look like weakness or padding. In fact they mark the writer as someone who knows how far the evidence goes, and their absence is what makes a confident essay sound like an advertisement.
Third is the passive and the impersonal. "A mistake was made in the calculation" avoids naming a person; "It would be helpful to check the figures" avoids giving an order. These forms are sometimes criticised as evasive, and in politics they often are, but in a report they allow criticism of work without attacking the worker.
None of this is universal. Directness is valued in some cultures and some situations, and over-hedging irritates readers who want an answer. The skill is not to be as polite as possible but to judge the distance: who is reading, how much power they have, and how costly the request is. Grammar, in this view, is a social instrument as much as a logical one.
Từ vựng trong bài
- tense /ˈtɛns/ — thì (của động từ)
- create /kɹiˈeɪt/ — tạo ra
- offer /ˈɔfɚ/ — đề nghị, mời
- polite /pəˈlaɪt/ — lịch sự
- reason /ɹˈizən/ — lý do
- hedging /ˈhɛdʒɪŋ/ — cách nói giảm nhẹ
- hedge /ˈhɛdʒ/ — phòng ngừa rủi ro
- reduce /ɹəˈdus/ — giảm bớt
- suggest /səˈdʒɛst/ — đề xuất
- evidence /ˈɛvədəns/ — bằng chứng